ANNUAL REPORT OF 1981-82 SOME WORK ON THE MELLIFEROUS FLORA OF B U R M A

ANNUAL REPORT OF 1981-82

SOME WORK ON THE MELLIFEROUS FLORA

OF

B U R M A

Maung Maung Than

Introduction

The need of bee plant knowledge is very great. Beekeeping management without this will be difficult. Dr. Roger A. Morse in his recent visit to Burma has stated that also. Either for bee pollination or honey production colonies must be strong. Also producing of bee products cannot be achieved without strong colonies. Only careful planning utilizing the existing flora with skilled management can build up strong colonies.

To be able to plan well we need complete data on bee plants, their name, abundance, duration of blooming, time of blooming, accessibility etc., etc.,. Also sucrose concentration and amount of pollen available are very important factors. Data presented here are compiled from two year's work, first in Hmawbi and then in Maymyo. Also the data of Taunggyi apiaries has been added and also of the migratory beekeeping stations of middle Burma and delta areas. This is a combined effort and every thank is due to everybody who been concerned in improving our beekeeping project.

In other countries where beekeeping has been greatly advanced there are many publications on bee plant information. We have not even gained full knowledge of our flora yet and are still trying to. We hope this paper can serve as a very small step in filling this gap of bee plant knowledge.

Bee plant calendar

In table (1) the combined bee plant calendar for Maymyo, Taunggyi and Hmawbi is presented. Maymyo and Taunggyi stand for the Northern and Southern Shan States respectively. Nearly all the plants have been checked and rechecked. Sucrose concentrations given are measured in these localities. Method used is capillary tubes with sucrose refractometer. Hmawbi stands for the lower Burma.

Table (2) is the simpler form to be used in constructing beekeeping calendars. Only important plants are given in table (2) and the time shown are the most crucial periods. Some species have not been classified into the genus level yet and only the local names and family names have been given for them.

Grade column:          Here the "grade" column included in the bee plant calendar will be explained. Five groups are formed out of the previously recorded bee plants.

Grade 1:          Plants with a very high economical beekeeping contribution are characterized by a very high honey potential, covering important areas and supplying important annual flows:-

Example:         Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Zee (zizyphus jujuba), wild sunflower (Tithonia tagetifolia), Sesame (Sesamum indicum)

Grade 2:          Plants with a high economical beekeeping contribution are those which are characterized by a high honey potential, covering rather large areas and supplying periodic or annual honey flows:

Example:         Citrus spps, niger (Guizotia abyssinica), Mon-nyin (Brassica spp), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Bizat (Eupatorium odorantum).

Grade 3:          Plants with a medium economical beekeeping contribution are those supplying sustained annual maintenance and development flows (nectar or pollen) and under favourable ecological conditions even a main flow.

Example:         Pe-sin-ngon (Cajanus indicus), Met-man (Prunus insititia), Corn (Zea mays).

Grade 4:          The plants with a low economical beekeeping contribution are those frequently supplying nectar or pollen flows for the maintenance of the bee colonies without ensuring main flows.

Example:         Sein-che (Coreopsis tinctorius), Mala-ka (Psidiun guajava), Ngu-sat-gyi (Cassia grandis).

Grade 5:          The plants without any beekeeping economical contribution are the ones supplying a nectar or pollen flow only from time to time and for a short period, covering either small areas or producing small nectar or pollen amounts.

Example:         Khaing-shwe-wa (Berberis nepalensis), Pan-ei (Lagerstroemia indica), Dahlia (Dahlia spps).

Criticism is openly invited from anybody if they think the grouping in the presented calendar is unsatisfactory in some particular species. Plants do differently in different areas and these groupings may not be final.

Present Major Honey Plants

1.         Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)          :           :           For the present it is the number one honey crop of Burma. Also it is becoming as a major cooking oil crop in Burma's agriculture. It can be grown at any time provided that there is sufficient amount of water supply, only the flowering must not coincide with heavy rains. So mostly it's natural blooming tine is at November and December if the plants have been brought up by the precipitation and along January to May where irrigation is used. In Taunggyi areas the natural (precipitation) grown sunflower fields are one of the major honey sources. At Delta regions and middle Burma (the areas using irrigations) considerable amounts of honey have been extracted and very good colony development results obtained in migratory apiaries. For the 1982-83 the first sunflower flow will be at Taunggyi (November, December) then at Maubin or delta (January to March) and it overlapped with Kyauk-ta-ga (March to May). The plants need about 45 days from the date of sowing to the flowering time. Beekeepers have enough tine to make the migratory plans. He has only to obtain data from the Agricultural department first.

2.         Niger (Guizotia abyssinics) :   :           It is grown intensively at the Shan States though middle and lower Burma have now started to it as a cooking oil plant. The usual flowing time is at October to December. When grown in the rainy season the vegetative growth is more encouraged and the plants reach over six feet high. Then the flowers secrete less nectar and are usually damaged by the rain. Normal commercial niger plants are about one and a halt feet in average. Sucrose concentration is around 30% at the best times. It cannot compete with sunflower and the wild sunflower (Tithonia tagetifolia), both having high sucrose concentrations (over 50%). If the sunflower fields are present along side of niger the bees will surely prefer the former. Beekeeper must keep this in mind if he wants to harvest niger or pollinate it. Wild sunflower, being an abundant weed of Shan States is also a strong competitor of niger. But the local bees (Apis cerena and A.florea) prefer niger because they have great difficulty to gather nectar from the wild sunflower.

3.         Citrus spps:     :

(a)   Orange (Citrus reticulatum): Taunggyi and Hsipaw areas are the present beekeeping sites of the Southern and Northern  Shan States respectively. Flowering time is at Hsipaw from the last week of February to the end of March. But the colonies are kept more longer because of Ingyin (Pentacme siamensis)flow at the nearby forests. Though it is grown intensively in the Chin and Kachin States evaluations have not been done there yet.

(b)        Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis): Sweet orange is grown along with orange grooves in Hsipaw. Flowering tine is the same. There is an early flowering but not reliable and also with poor fruit set during the rainy season.

(c)        Lime and Pumelo (C.aurantifolia and C.grandis)

           

            The main flows are just coming in for the lower Burma at July. The lime plantations are usually situated in well forested areas. At Hmawbi and Taikkyi townships they are situated along side the border lined of the Forest Reserve on the Pegu Yoma. Each locality has over two thousand acres of lime and pumelo plantations, chiefly lime.

4.         Sesame (Sesame indicum) :    :  It is one of the two essential cooking oil crops of Burma. Thousands of cultivars (1) are known, with life spans ranging from 2 to 6 months. It can be grown both by irrigation or precipitation. Cultivars using irrigation are generally short term ones. In lower Burma two kinds lf sesame are mostly used. Nhan-gyi and Nhan-lay. Both use precipitation and flowers in the same time (may be the effect of Photoperiodism) but the former has longer life span. Lower Burma plantations bloom at November and December. Generally most of the farmers use to grow it only as a side income crop depending on the last year's sesame price. But now there are increasing plans to make lower Burma self-sustained in cooking oil and the will be more congested areas pf sesame later. At present only middle Burma has got the most congested sesame plantations. Sin-gaing and Kyaukse townships for example grow irrigated sesame 10,000 and 26,000 acres respectively. Their blooming tine is April to June for the whole locality. Migratory beekeeping gas been attempted there and results are most satisfactory. Next Yamethin township will come in from July to August. Sesame supplies both pollen and nectar but definitely a very good pollen source. Lower Burma bee colonies (e.g. Hmawbi apiary) develop with sesame to harvest the minor Bizat (Eupatorium odorantum) flow.

5.         Mustard and rape (Brassica spp) :   :  In this year's work detail evaluation has not been able to make due to make due to the lack of commercial plantations in Northern Shan States. Only Kachin State and Southern Shan State have got commercial mustard oil plantations and they supply honey to the Myitkyina apiary from  September to December, Sucrose concentration is around 40%.

6.         Zee (Zizyphus jujuba) :   :  Most concentrated jujube plantations are in middle Burma, Mandalay division. Madaya, Singaing, Myit-tha and Myingyan townships have got congested jujube plantations. Main flows start at September and end after October. Secrets good amounts of nectar from its large nectariferous tissue. Sucrose concentration is also over 50% and secretion is best at the evenings. The only difficulty is inability to control the improper applications of pesticides. Growers use to apply a lot of insecticide sprays (chiefly Malathion) in the blooming periods to suppress the flower damaging insects and fungi. Careful planning and coordination between beekeeper and grower is much needed if one wants to use the jujube flows. Also growers must coordinate among themselves to time the pruning dates, spraying times etc. to enable the beekeeper the safety of its hives. Advice must be obtained from the agriculturist to know the information about whether the sprayings are actually needed during the flowering times and also if unavoidable to find the correct amount and frequency of sprayings.

7.         Wild sunflower (Tithonia tagetifolia) :           :

It is the most abundant road side weed of Shan State. Standard name is Mexican sunflower. From observation only Apis dorsata and Apis mellifera are found to be able to harvest honey from it. The fact is the bees have to push open the corolla tube of the small disk flower while taking nectar. Nectar secretion is good all along the day and sucrose concentration is very high (over 50%). 1980-81 apiary supervisors have not reported it as a good honey plant. But this (1981-82) work has revealed it to be a very good one, both by bee activity and sucrose refractometer evaluations. Generally all the uncultivated areas at the rural areas are covered with wild sunflower during its flow of November and December. The only thing to do is not to cut down the wild sunflower plants from the uncultivated areas and one can get annual honey flows without cost.

8.         Cucurbitaceae spps:

            Those under the Cucurbitaceae family are Thakwa (Cucumus sativus), Kyauk-payon (Benincasa cerifera), Shwe-pa-yon (Cucurbita maxima), Kha-wae (Luffa acutangula), kyet-hin-ga (Memordica charantica). Generally they are monsoon plants. Delta regions intensively produce them on the alluvial sand banks on the middle of the river sides. These have not been untapped by the beekeepers yet. Forest taungyas also use them as side crops.

            The problem to pass monsoon can be partly solved by using them in Lower Burma.

9.         Litchi (Litchi chinensis) :        :   The plant is most concentrated in Kachin State. In Shan States it thrives well but the fruiting time coincides with very strong winds and the fruit set is damaged. However, if precautions such windbreak plantations have been well taken, litchi may become a good honey crop in the Shan States. The flowers is very attractive to the bees in Myitkyina. Summer honey from the Kachin State is mainly from litchi. About three shallow supers of honey per colony have been obtained. It may be more if well populated colonies have been used.

10.       Eucalyptus spps:         :    Most commonly used species are Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E.teriticornis. The latter produces more nectar. Also an old plantation of E.resinferous in Maymyo has provided a lot of nectar income. But exact determinations with strong colonies have not been made yet. Also the present forest policy has changed and they are being eradicated gradually.

Future major plants

            The following are plants with very good possibilities which need further investigation, developing, expansion etc.

1.         Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

            One of the main honey plants of India. Flowers are used in making a dying material used in coloring food. Seeds provide an edible oil. Nectar is very attractive to honey bees and also abundant with a high sucrose concentration (471). Now the farmers are growing to use its leaves as salad. With planned expansion it can become a major honey crop.

2.         Kapok (Ceiba pentandra)

            This silk-cotton producing tree has not been planted commercially yet. Mature kapok trees produce large amounts of nectar and also very attractive to bees. A mature tree will produce 10 lbs of cottony fibers (kapok) used as the most valuable of all stuffing materials. Kapok seeds contain 45 percent of a fatty oil which is extracted and used for soap and food purposes. If commercial plantations have been establishes this can also become a major honey plant.

3.         Chicory (Cichorium intybus)

            This basic ingredient of French coffee also has not gone into commercial production yet. The coffee industry of Burma has still to import it. At present French coffee production at the Maymyo coffee plant is being deterred by the lack of Chicory raw material. Present rate for chicory tap roots is K.1/50 per viss. A very small plot (20x60 feet) has produced 700 viss at 1981-82 year at B.E. apiary of Maymyo. This year plans have been made to experiment chicory at Maymyo apiaries. This can become a both honey and money crop at the same time saving Foreign Exchange.

4.         Cotton (Gossypium spps)

            The only difficulty lies in the improper use of pesticides by the growers. Recent experiments at cotton fields have turned out bad. Even in the Governmental plantations pesticide applications are still uncontrollable. Without the safety measures honey from cotton will still be in a long way.

5.         Calliandra spps.

            It is an exotic  introduced by the Forest Department. The flowering is very long and nectar secretion is good. Forest officers back from the study tours have stated that it is being used as a fuel and honey crop in Indonesia and Philippines. Literature is lacked but from the observations at Hmawbi and Maymyo it has great possibilities in both usages. With increasing knowledge and usage it has got a good future.

6.         Sweet clover (Melilotus albus)

            Burma has not greatly used this famous honey crop. Its standard name in Burmese is Pe-yaing (wild legume) but locally called Me-pan-nyo in Maymyo. It is abundant as a weed in those areas using irrigated water. Its multiple uses as pasture, seed, hay , soil improvement, erosion control etc have not been tested yet. With further planning it also may become a major honey crop of the Shan States.

Forest trees

            Being a forester I also want to emphasize the importance of our forests. As one can see in the bee plant calendar, from the end rainy season to the end of summer and especially in the summer times, most of the forest trees are in bloom. Such trees as Let-pan (Salmalia malabrica), In-gyin (Pentacme siamensis), Padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus). Myat-ya (Grewia microcos), Bambwe (Careya arborea), Kalan (Melaleuca leucadendron), etc., have been found out as very good honey plants and there are still many others unrevealed yet.

            An experimental apiary in a really forested area in the summer flowering time is needed. Also the weeds which have come out as to be good honey plants are also forest weeds, e.g. Taw-pin-sein (Leucas aspera), Dana-thuka (Scolparis dulcis), Bizat (Eupatorium odorantum) etc., These forest based apiaries will not be of much value in pollination but will be certainly good in honey production or in producing other bee products.

            Also there is a possibility to use " forest taungyas " by these apiaries to pass  the monsoon.

            Taungya is a Burmese word meant " farm in-the-hills ". There are two kinds, destructive and systematic. The former is the "slash and burn" destroying of the valuable forest land, leading to soil erosion. The latter is the kind our forest department is using in establishing forest plantations.

            Farmers are allowed to grow agricultural crops in the areas meant for reforestation projects. They are even given consider-able amounts of money (round about Ks.200/ per acre) for the various operation (soil preparation , planting, weeding etc.) Their duty is only to grow with their crops the forest plants F.D. provide them. That may be teak (Tectona grandis), pyin-ka-do (Xylia dolarbriformes) or any other hard woods chosen by the F.D. according to the plantation's object (local supply, fuel wood, timber, soil conservation etc).

            They (farmers) grow their agricultural crops on earth mounds. The cost of the mounds is 0.2 kyats (80-81 price). Average number of mounds per acre is one thousand (6'x6'). Main crops are kayan (Solanum melongena), sesame (Sesamum indicum), corn (Zea mays), sein-che (Coreopsis tinctorios), Nga-yoke (Capsicum minimum). Flowering order is corn, kayan, sein-che, sesame and Nga-yoke. A typical mound contains five Kayan plants, two or three sein-che, one Nga-yoke and one corn. Sesame is used when Kayan is not grown. Side crops are of the Cucurbitaceae; Shwe-payon (Cucurbita maxima), Kyauk-payon (Benicasa cerifera), Thakwa (Cucumus sativus) and some legumes.

            The most important fact is they are well congested and well staffed by the Forest Department. Their area is between 100 and 500 acres  in a locality. Also good forest weeds are present in those areas. (Dana-thu-ka, Bizat, Taw-pin-sein, etc). Hmawbi apiary gas got great help from those taungya plantations situated in the Hmawbi forest reserve, Every interested person can see a good example of forest taungya at Hmawbi.

Bee Management  Calendars

In table III management calendar for the Maymyo apiaries has been presented, It has been worked ort from the 1981-82 experience. Certain things as disease outbreaks can spoil it but have been taken into measure at June, We need mire complete data on the manner of disease infestations of Burma. As the wore goes on further management calendars will be prepared for the various localities. By using Table I, II and III it is hoped that every apiary supervisors can get an idea to make calendars of their own. It also is the main aim of this small paper.

CONCLUSION

            The work is not complete yet. It is just a beginning. More data on the just practicising migratory stations must be compiled. Other states and Divisions must be searched out for their melliferous flora. There are such areas as mangrove forests of the costal regions which are by the Forest Department's statistics the greatest honey producing areas. They also must be observed. Every apiary supervisor should be interested in honey plant work and also know how to do it. More sophisticated instruments for intensive researchers should be present. Tree and plant classification methods must also be made easier (which is not a very easy task). This paper is a very small step. A great deal of work lies ahead and is waiting for us.

                                                                                                           

                                                                                                            Maung Maung Than

                                                                                                            Plantation Assistant

                                                                                                            Forest Department

                                                                                                            24.6.82

သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းလ်က္ရွိေသာေျမနွင့္ သစ္ေတာေျမစီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ ခင္လႈိင္ (ညႊန္ၾကားေရးမႈး တိုးခ်ဲ ့) (ဟန္သစ္ဂ်ာနယ္)

8 November 2012 at 12:57

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သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းလ်က္ရွိေသာေျမနွင့္ သစ္ေတာေျမစီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈ

          ျမန္မာနိုင္ငံသည္ သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈဧရိယာ က်ယ္ဝန္းေသာ ႏိုင္ငံတစ္ခုျဖစ္သည္နွင့္အညီ သစ္ေတာမ်ားအား ေရွးယခင္ကတည္းက စနစ္တက် စီမံအုပ္ခဳဳုပ္ခဲ့ပါသည္။ ႏိုင္ငံအတြင္း မွီတင္း ေန ထိုင္ၾကေသာ ျပည္သူမ်ားသည္ သစ္ေတာက႑နွင့္ တစ္နည္းမဟုတ္ တစ္နည္းဆက္ႏႊယ္လ်က္ရွိပါသည္။  သို႔အတြက္ သစ္ေတာစီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မႈတြင္ အဓိကက်သည့္ သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈဧရိယာ၊ အျမဲတမ္း သစ္ေတာ နယ္ေျမ (ၾကိဳး၀ိုင္း ၾကိဳးျပင္ ကာကြယ္ေတာ၊ ေဘးမဲ့ေတာ၊ သဘာဝဥယ်ာဥ္ စသည့္)တို ့အား တိတိက်က် သိရွိရန္လိုအပ္ပါသည္။

သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းလ်က္ရွိေသာေျမ ( Forest Cover )

          ကမၻာ့ကုလသမဂၢ စားနပ္ရိကၡာအဖြဲ႔ၾကီး၏ ကမၻာ့သစ္ေတာသယံဇာတ အေျခအေနကို ဆန္းစစ္ ေလ့လာျခင္း(Global Forest Resources Assessment -FRA)၏အဓိပၸါယ္သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္အရ သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းလ်က္ရွိေသာေျမ(သို ့) သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈ (Forest Cover)ဆိုသည္မွာ သစ္ပင္ရြက္အုပ္ ဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈ (Forest Canopy Density) ၁၀% အထက္ရွိျပီးအနည္းဆုံး ဧရိယာအက်ယ္အဝန္း ဝ.၅ ဟက္တာ(၁.၂၄ဧက)တြင္ သစ္ပင္မ်ား ေပါက္ေရာက္ေနသည့္ေျမကို ေခၚဆိုပါသည္။ သစ္ပင္မ်ားသည္ အနိမ့္ဆုံး ၅မီတာ (၁၅ ေပခန္ ့) ၾကီးထြားႏိုင္စြမ္း ရွိရပါမည္။ လတ္တေလာ အေျခအေနတြင္ သတ္မွတ္ ထားေသာ အေျခအေနမေရာက္ေသးေသာ္လည္း အနာဂတ္တြင္ ေရာက္ရွိၾကီးထြားလာနိုင္သည့္ သဘာဝအပင္ငယ္မ်ား ေပါက္ေရာက္ေနသည့္ သစ္ေတာ ဧရိယာမ်ားလည္း အက်ဳံးဝင္ပါသည္။ သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္း လ်က္ရွိသည့္ ေျမဧရိယာနွင့္ သစ္ေတာစီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ လုပ္ကိုင္မႈအတြက္ အၿမဲတမ္း သစ္ေတာနယ္ေျမမ်ား တို႔သည္ အဓိပၸါယ္ကြဲျပားျခားနားပါသည္။ သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းလ်က္ရွိေသာေျမ(Forest Cover) မ်ားထဲမွ စနစ္တက် စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ရန္ ၾကိဳး၀ိုင္းႏွင့္ၾကိဳးျပင္ ကာကြယ္ေတာမ်ား ဖြဲ႕စည္းထားသည့္ ဧရိယာကို သစ္ေတာနယ္ေျမမ်ား (Forest Land) ဟုေခၚပါသည္။             

Forest

          Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 hectares (ha). The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 meters (m) at maturity in situ. May consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground; or open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree crown cover exceeds 10 percent. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes which have yet to reach a crown density of 10 percent or tree height of 5 m are included under forest, as are areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest.

သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈကို ရြက္အုပ္ဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈ အေျခအေနလိုက္၍ ရြက္အုပ္ပိတ္ေတာ ( Closed Forest) နွင့္ ရြက္အုပ္ပြင့္ေတာ (Open Forest ) ဟူ၍ အတန္းအစား(၂)မ်ိဳး ထပ္မံခြဲျခားထားပါသည္။

ရြက္အုပ္ပိတ္ေတာ( Closed Forest)

ရြက္အုပ္ပိတ္ေတာဆိုသည္မွာ ရြက္အုပ္ဖုံးလႊမ္းမွု ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း(၄၀%) အထက္ရွိ၍ အပင္အျမင့္ ၅မီတာထက္ျမင့္ေသာ သစ္ပင္မ်ား ေပါက္ေရာက္ေနျပီး ဧရိယာအက်ယ္အဝန္းအားျဖင့္ ဝ.၅ ဟက္တာ တစ္ဆက္တစ္စပ္တည္းရွိေသာ သစ္ေတာေျမကိုေခၚသည္။

Closed Forest – under forestry or no land use, spanning more than 0.5hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 40 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.

ရြက္အုပ္ပြင့္ေတာ (Open Forest )

          ရြက္အုပ္ပြင့္ေတာဆိုသည္မွာ အပင္အျမင့္ ၅မီတာထက္ျမင့္ေသာ သစ္ပင္မ်ားေပါက္ေရာက္ေနျပီး ရြက္အုပ္ဖုံးလႊမ္းမူ ရာခိုင္နွုန္း (၁၀%မွ ၄၀%) အတြင္းရွိ၍ ဧရိယာ ဝ.၅ဟက္တာထက္ ပိုမိုက်ယ္ ျပန္႔တည္ရွိကာ အျခားေျမအသုံးခ်မႈမရွိေသာ သစ္ေတာေျမကို ေခၚသည္။

Open Forest(normally degraded forests) – under forestry or no land use, spanning more than 0.5hectares;with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover between 10 and 40 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.    

အျခားေျမမ်ား (Other Wooded Lands )

          အျခားေျမမ်ားဆိုသည္မွာ ရြက္အုပ္သိပ္သည္းမွု ၁၀% ေအာက္က်ေရာက္ေနျပီး ပိန္လွီေနေသာ သစ္ပင္မ်ားျဖင့္ အမ်ားဆုံးဖုံးလႊမ္းေနေသာ ဧရိယာ၊ ျမက္ခင္းျပင္ႏွင့္ၿခဳံပုတ္ေတာမ်ားကို  ေခၚပါသည္။

Other Wooded lands (Scrub and Grass Land)-Areas mostly covered by grassland and stunted trees, shrub forests, lower that 10% crown density.

ထာဝစဥ္တည္တံ့ေစရန္ စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ျခင္း

          နိုင္ငံဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးမွုကို အေထာက္အကူျပဳနိုင္ရန္အတြက္ ေျမအမ်ိဳးအစားအခ်ဳိ႕ကို (နိုင္ငံပိုင္ျဖစ္ေစ၊ ပုဂၢလိကပိုင္ျဖစ္ေစ) အျမဲတမ္းသစ္ေတာေျမမ်ားအျဖစ္ဖြဲ႕ထားရပါမည္။ သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းမွု အျမဲတမ္းရွိ သင့္သည့္ ေျမအမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ားသည္ ကာကြယ္ရမည့္ေျမ၊ သဘာဝကို ထိန္းသိမ္းရမည့္ေျမ၊ သစ္နွင့္အ ျခားသစ္ေတာထြက္ပစၥည္းမ်ား ထုတ္ယူရန္ေျမနွင့္ အဆိုပါကိစၥရပ္မ်ားကို ပူးတြဲေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ ရည္ရြယ္ ေသာေျမဟူ၍ ခြဲျခားနိုင္ပါသည္။

          သစ္ေတာမ်ားအဓြန္႔ရွည္ၾကာစြာတည္တံ့ေစရန္နွင့္ ေနာင္သားစဥ္ေျမဆက္တိုင္ေအာင္ သစ္ေတာ သယံဇာတမ်ား စဥ္ဆက္မျပတ္ ထုတ္ယူသုံးစြဲနိုင္ရန္အတြက္ထာဝစဥ္တည္တံ့ေသာ သစ္ေတာစီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္  (Sustainble Forest Management S.F.M)  ျဖင့္ ေရွးယခင္ကပင္ စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခဲ့ပါသည္။

          သစ္ေတာမ်ား ထာဝစဥ္တည္တံ့ေရးအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္လုပ္ကိုင္မႈအား ေအာက္ေဖာ္ျပပါစံမ်ား (Criteria) ျပဌာန္းထားရွိပါသည္။

၁။ Extent of Forest Resources  -သစ္ေတာသယံဇာတမ်ား ထာဝစဥ္တည္တံ့ေစမည့္ စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္မွုအတြက္ လိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားျဖည့္ဆည္းရန္၊

၂။ Biological Diversity - ဇီဝမ်ိုးစုံမ်ိုးကြဲမ်ားအား ကာကြယ္ထိန္းသိမ္းရန္၊

၃။  Forest Health and Vitality - သစ္ေတာမ်ား သန္စြမ္းမွုနွင့္ ရွင္သန္မွုအေျခအေန၊ သစ္ေတာ ေဂဟစနစ္မွ ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္အေျခအေနအား ကာကြယ္ေပးရန္၊

၄။ Productive Functions of Forests - သစ္ေတာမ်ားမွထုတ္လုပ္ေပးေသာ သစ္နွင့္သစ္ မဟုတ္ေသာ သစ္ေတာထြက္ ပစၥည္းမ်ားႏွင့္ေဂဟစနစ္ဆိုင္ရာဝန္ေဆာင္မႈမ်ားကို စနစ္တက် စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ရန္၊

၅။   Protective Functions of Forests -  အၿမဲတမ္းသစ္ေတာေျမမ်ား(စိုက္ခင္းမ်ားအပါအဝင္) အား အကာအကြယ္ေပးရန္၊

၆။  Socio-economic Benefits and Needs - လူမႈစီးပြားေရးဆိုင္ရာနယ္ပယ္မ်ားတြင္ သစ္ေတာက႑မွ လိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားကို အေထာက္အပံ့ျဖစ္ေစရန္နွင့္

၇။  Legal,Policy and Institutional Framework -  သစ္ေတာက႑ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ၊ မူဝါဒ နွင့္အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမ်ားဆိုင္ရာ မူေဘာင္မ်ားခ်မွတ္နိုင္ရန္၊

သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းေသာေျမေျပာင္းလဲလာမႈအေျခအေန

          စက္မႈေခတ္ေျပာင္းေတာ္လွန္ေရး မတိုင္မီကာလ(၁၇ နွင့္ ၁၈ ရာစုနွစ္မ်ားအတြင္းက ကမၻာ ့သစ္ ေတာ ပမာဏ သည္ (၆.၂၁ ဘီလီယံ ဟက္တာ) ခန္႔ရွိခဲ့ျပီး ၂၀၀၀ခုနွစ္တြင္ ကမၻာ့သစ္ေတာပမာဏသည္ (၃.၈၇ဘီလီယံ ဟက္တာ) ခန္႔သာရွိေတာ့သည္ဟု  ခန္႔မွန္းထားပါသည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ နွစ္ေပါင္း (၂၀၀)ခန့္ အတြင္း ကမၻာ့သစ္ေတာ ဧရိယာဟက္တာ (၂.၃၄ ဘီလီယံ) ခန္႔ (၃၇.၇ ) ရာခိုင္နွုန္း ေလ်ာ့နည္းသြား ေၾကာင္း ေတြ႔ရွိရပါသည္။ ျမန္မာသစ္ေတာမ်ားသည္လည္း အေၾကာင္းအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေၾကာင့္ ေလ်ာ့နည္းလာ ရာ သစ္ေတာ ဖုံး လႊမ္းမွုသည္ ၁၉၂၅ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ၆၆% ၊၂၀၀၀ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ၅၂% လက္ရွိအခ်ိန္တြင္ ၄၇%ခန႔္သာ က်န္ရွိ ေၾကာင္း ေတြ႔ရွိရပါသည္။

          သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈ ( ရြက္အုပ္ပိတ္ေတာနွင့္ ရြက္အုပ္ပြင့္ေတာ )၏ နွစ္အလိုက္ေျပာင္းလဲမွုမွာ ၁၉၉၀ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ဟက္တာ ( ၃.၉၂ )သန္း၊ ၂၀၀၀ ျပည့္နွစ္တြင္ ဟက္တာ ( ၃.၄၉ ) သန္း၊ ၂၀၀၅ ခုနွစ္ တြင္ ဟက္တာ ( ၃.၃၃ ) သန္း၊ ၂၀၁၀ ခုႏွစ္ (၃.၁၈) သန္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

ၾကိဳးဝိုင္းၾကိဳးျပင္ကာကြယ္ေတာမ်ား သဘာဝထိန္းသိမ္းေရးနယ္ေျမမ်ား

          သစ္ေတာမ်ားအား ေရရွည္တည္တံ့ေစရန္အတြက္  သစ္ေတာဦးစီးဌာနအေနျဖင့္  ၾကိဳးဝိုင္းႏွင့္ ၾကိဳးျပင္ကာကြယ္ေတာမ်ား၊ သဘာဝထိန္းသိမ္းေရးနယ္ေျမမ်ား ဖြဲ႔စည္းတည္ေထာင္၍ စီမံအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခဲ့ ပါသည္။

သစ္ေတာနယ္ေျမ     -  ဆိုသည္မွာ ၾကိဳးဝိုင္းေတာနွင့္ ၾကိဳးျပင္ကာကြယ္ေတာတို႔ပါဝင္သည့္ နယ္ေျမျဖစ္ပါသည္။

သဘာဝနယ္ေျမဆိုသည္မွာ- ေတာရိုင္းတိရိ စၦာန္နွင့္ သဘာဝအပင္မ်ား သက္ရွိသက္မဲ့ ဖြဲ႔စည္းမႈမ်ား သို႔မဟုတ္ ထင္ရွားေသာ ပထဝီအေနအထားမ်ား တည္ရွိသည့္ေဒသမ်ားကို အရွည္တည္တံ့ေရး အတြက္ ကာကြယ္ထိန္းသိမ္းရန္အလို႔ငွါ ေတာရိုင္းတိရိ စၦာန္ႏွင့္သဘာဝအပင္မ်ား ကာကြယ္ေရးႏွင့္ သဘာဝနယ္ေျမမ်ား ထိန္းသိမ္းေရး ဥပေဒအရ သတ္မွတ္ထားသည့္နယ္ေျမ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

ၾကိဳးဝိုင္းနွင့္ၾကိဳးျပင္ကာကြယ္ေတာ ဖြဲ႔စည္းမႈအေနျဖင့္ ၁၉၈၈-၈၉ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ၃၈၈၇၆ စတုရန္း မိုင္၊ ၁၉၉၇-၉၈ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ၄၀၄၄၄ စတုရန္းမိုင္ရွိခဲ့ျပီး ၂၀၁၁-၂၀၁၂ ခုနွစ္၌ ၆၄၁၈၂.၉၀ စတုရန္းမိုင္ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းအားျဖင့္ နိုင္ငံေတာ္ဧရိယာ၏ ၂၄.၅၇ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း ရွိပါသည္။ သဘာဝနယ္ေျမမ်ား တည္ေထာင္ျခင္း အေနျဖင့္ အမ်ိဳးသားဥယ်ာဥ္၊ အဏၰဝါအမ်ိဳးသား ဥယ်ာဥ္၊ ေတာရိုင္းတိရိစာၦန္ေဘးမဲ့ေတာ စုစုေပါင္း (၃၆) ခု၊ ဧရိယာအားျဖင့္ ၁၄၆၃၁.၁၁ စတုရန္းမိုင္ ရွိပါသည္။

ၾကိဳးဝိုင္းၾကိဳးျပင္ကာကြယ္ေတာမ်ားကို ႏိုင္ငံဧရိယာ၏ ၃၀%အထိ၊ သဘာဝနယ္ေျမမ်ားကို ႏိုင္ငံဧရိယာ၏ ၁၀%အထိ ဖြဲ႔စည္းရန္ သစ္ေတာ မူဝါဒတြင္ ျပဌာန္းထားပါသည္။

သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းမွု ဧရိယာမ်ားသည္ လူဦးေရတိုးတက္ျခင္း၊ ၿမိဳ႕ရြာခ်ဲ႔ထြင္ျခင္း၊ အျခားေျမ အသုံးခ်မႈအျဖစ္ ေျပာင္းလဲျခင္းမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ေလ်ာ့နည္းလာေနေသာ္လည္း သဘာဝေတာမ်ား ကာကြယ္ ထိန္းသိမ္းေရးနွင့္ သစ္ေတာမ်ားေရရွည္တည္တံ့ေစေရးအတြက္ အျမဲတမ္းသစ္ေတာနယ္ေျမမ်ားနွင့္ သဘာဝနယ္ ေျမမ်ားကို သစ္ေတာဥပေဒအရ သစ္ေတာမူဝါဒပါ ျပဌာန္းခ်ကသို႔ ေရာက္ရွိေအာင္ တိုးျမွင့္ ဖြဲ႔စည္း တည္ေထာင္လ်က္ရွိပါေၾကာင္း တင္ျပလိုက္ရပါသည္။

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္းမ်ား

3 September 2013 at 16:23

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ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္းမ်ား (၁)

ဒီစာကို စာသံ ေပသံနဲ ့က်ေနာ္ ခဏခဏ ေရးဘူးပါတယ္၊ စာတမ္းေတြဖတ္ဘို ့၊ ေနာက္ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ FAO ညီလာခံေတြမွာ ကမၻာ့ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာေရး ညီလာခံေတြမွာ ေခတ္ အဆက္ဆက္ အေတာ္ၾကာ တက္ေရာက္ေဆြးေႏြးခဲ့ရလို ့ဒီကိစၥနဲ ့ပတ္သက္တဲ့ စာတမ္းေတြ အျပည့္ရွိပါရဲ ့၊ ဒါေပမဲ့ အဂၤလိပ္လို ျဖစ္ေနခဲ့တယ္၊ ေနာက္ နားလည္ၿပီးသား ပညာရွင္ေတြအတြက္ ေရးခဲ့ရတာ။

အခုတေခါက္ကေတာ့ အေဖ့ဘုတ္ ပရိသတ္အတြက္ ရည္ရြယ္ပါတယ္၊ မင္း အျပင္ စာဖတ္ ပရိသတ္တြက္ ဘာေၾကာင့္ မေရးသလဲဆိုရင္ ေမာင္ကိုဟာ အင္တာနက္ေပၚမွာပဲ ေလက်ယ္လို ့ရပါတယ္ (ျမန္မာျပည္မွာ)၊ ဒါေတြကို က်ေနာ့ ဌာနက ျပည္သူအတြက္ေရးရင္ေတာင္မွ သူမ်ားကို ခိုင္းတာပါ၊ က်ေနာ္ အျပင္ေလာက စာနယ္ဇင္းမ်ားနဲ ့အဆက္အသြယ္မရွိပါဘူး။ အေဖ့ဘုတ္ ၀ါးလံုးေခါင္ထဲမွာေတာင္ ကို ျငိမ္းေအးအိမ္ ေျမွာက္ေပးလို ့လသာေနတဲ့ ဖားသူငယ္ပါ။

ေရးရတဲ့ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္၊ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ ၁၉%ပဲ ရွိေတာ့တယ္ဆိုၿပီး တေလာက အလန္ ့ထညက္ ထေျပာၾကတယ္၊ က်ေနာ့္ဆရာ ဆရာအံုးကလဲ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္တယ္ဆိုၿပီး ေထာက္ခံတဲ့ စကား ေျပာတယ္လို ့ေတြ ့ရျပန္တယ္။ အေရွ ့ေတာင္ အာရွမွာ အနည္းဆံုးျဖစ္ၿပီလို ့လဲ မဆင္မျခင္ (စင္ကာပူကိုေတာင္ ထည့္မစဥ္းစာပဲ ေျပာခ်လိုက္ၾကျပန္တယ္၊ ျမန္မာအစိုးရ သိကၡာက်ရင္ ၿပီးေရာဆိုတဲ့ အုပ္စုေတြ။

က်ေနာ္ အတတ္ႏိုင္ဆံုး ရွင္းေအာင္ ေရးသြားပါ့မယ္

သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈဆိုတာကို ဒီလို အဓိပၸါယ္ဖြင့္ထားၾကတယ္

ကမၻာ့ကုလသမဂၢ စားနပ္ရိကၡာအဖြဲ႔ၾကီး၏ ကမၻာ့သစ္ေတာသယံဇာတ အေျခအေနကို ဆန္းစစ္ ေလ့လာျခင္း(Global Forest Resources Assessment -FRA)၏အဓိပၸါယ္သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္အရ သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းလ်က္ရွိေသာေျမ(သို ့) သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈ (Forest Cover)ဆိုသည္မွာ သစ္ပင္ရြက္အုပ္ ဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈ (Forest Canopy Density) ၁၀% အထက္ရွိျပီးအနည္းဆုံး ဧရိယာအက်ယ္အဝန္း ဝ.၅ ဟက္တာ(၁.၂၄ဧက)တြင္ သစ္ပင္မ်ား ေပါက္ေရာက္ေနသည့္ေျမကို ေခၚဆိုပါသည္။ သစ္ပင္မ်ားသည္ အနိမ့္ဆုံး ၅မီတာ (၁၅ ေပခန္ ့) ၾကီးထြားႏိုင္စြမ္း ရွိရပါမည္။ လတ္တေလာ အေျခအေနတြင္ သတ္မွတ္ ထားေသာ အေျခအေနမေရာက္ေသးေသာ္လည္း အနာဂတ္တြင္ ေရာက္ရွိၾကီးထြားလာနိုင္သည့္ သဘာဝအပင္ငယ္မ်ား ေပါက္ေရာက္ေနသည့္ သစ္ေတာ ဧရိယာမ်ားလည္း အက်ဳံးဝင္ပါသည္။

သစ္ေတာဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈကို ရြက္အုပ္ဖုံးလႊမ္းမႈ အေျခအေနလိုက္၍ ရြက္အုပ္ပိတ္ေတာ ( Closed Forest) နွင့္ ရြက္အုပ္ပြင့္ေတာ (Open Forest ) ဟူ၍ အတန္းအစား(၂)မ်ိဳး ထပ္မံခြဲျခားထားပါသည္။

ရြက္အုပ္ပိတ္ေတာ( Closed Forest)

ရြက္အုပ္ပိတ္ေတာဆိုသည္မွာ ရြက္အုပ္ဖုံးလႊမ္းမွု ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း(၄၀%) အထက္ရွိ၍ အပင္အျမင့္ ၅မီတာထက္ျမင့္ေသာ သစ္ပင္မ်ား ေပါက္ေရာက္ေနျပီး ဧရိယာအက်ယ္အဝန္းအားျဖင့္ ဝ.၅ ဟက္တာ တစ္ဆက္တစ္စပ္တည္းရွိေသာ သစ္ေတာေျမကိုေခၚသည္။

ရြက္အုပ္ပြင့္ေတာ (Open Forest )

           ရြက္အုပ္ပြင့္ေတာဆိုသည္မွာ အပင္အျမင့္ ၅မီတာထက္ျမင့္ေသာ သစ္ပင္မ်ားေပါက္ေရာက္ေနျပီး ရြက္အုပ္ဖုံးလႊမ္းမူ ရာခိုင္နွုန္း (၁၀%မွ ၄၀%) အတြင္းရွိ၍ ဧရိယာ ဝ.၅ဟက္တာထက္ ပိုမိုက်ယ္ ျပန္႔တည္ရွိကာ အျခားေျမအသုံးခ်မႈမရွိေသာ သစ္ေတာေျမကို ေခၚသည္။

ဒါ က်ေနာ္တို ့ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံက သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္မဟုတ္ပါဘူး၊ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသားေတြရဲ ့ရင္ထဲက သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္အရဆိုရင္ ဒီမွာေျပာတဲ့ ရြက္အုပ္ပိတ္ေတာေတြကိုပဲ ေတာလို ့ျမင္ၾကပါတယ္၊ ရြက္အုပ္ပြင့္ေတာေတြဟာ ေတာညံ ့လို ့ေတာပ်က္လို ့ေခၚၾကပါရဲ ့၊ တကယ္လဲ ဟုတ္ပါတယ္။

ဓါတ္ပံုေတြ နဲ့ ၾကည့္လိုက္ရေအာင္

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္းမ်ား (၂)

တင္ျပခဲ့တဲ့ ဓါတ္ပံုႏွစ္ပံုကို ျမင္လိုက္ရင္ ေတာေကာင္းနဲ ့ေတာညံ ့ဆိုတာ တခါထဲ ရွင္းသြားမယ္ထင္ပ၊ အဲဒီလိုပဲ ေတာနိမ့္ကေလးေတြ ရွားေတာေတြ၊ အားလံုးဟာ သစ္ေတာဆိုတဲ့ definition ထဲမွာ၀င္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ ဒီေရေတာ၊ ၀ါးေတာစတဲ့ ထူးျခားတဲ့ေတာေတြရွိတယ္

ေအာက္ဆံုးကပံုကိုၾကည့္ပါ၊

ဒီေရေတာဟာ သီးသန္ ့ျဖစ္ေနပါတယ္ သိသာပါတယ္၊ ေနာက္ အျမဲစိမ္းေတာျမင့္၊ နီရဲေနတဲ့ အင္ဖရာရက္ေရာင္ျခည္ႏွစ္ခုရဲ ့အစြမ္းေၾကာင့္ သိသာထင္ရွားလွပါတယ္၊ ေနာက္တစ္ခါ၊ ရခိုင္ရဲ ့ကရင္၀ါးေတာေတြ သူလဲ ထူးျခားပါဘိ၊ ေနာက္ဆံုး လယ္ေတြ၊ ေၾကးတိုင္နဲ ့ေျမစာရင္းမွာ လယ္ယာေျမ ေပါက္သည္ မေပါက္သည္ မသိ၊ က်ေနာ့္ ဒီဓါတ္ပံုေတြမွာကေတာ့ ညင္းလို ့မရႏိုင္ပါ၊ လယ္ျပင္မွာ ဆင္ေျပးသလို ထင္ေရွးလွပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား


ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္းမ်ား (၃)

နဲနဲေလး ေနာက္ တစ္ပံုတင္ေပးခ်င္တယ္

သစ္ေတာဌာနဟာ ဒီေဒတာေတြကို လြယ္လြယ္ကူကူ စားပြဲေပၚမွာ တင္ ထုတ္ထားတာ မဟုတ္ဘူးဆိုတာ သိေစခ်င္လို ့ပါ၊
ေအာက္ကပံုမွာ ရြက္အုပ္ပိတ္ေတာရယ္။ ရြက္အုပ္ပြင့္ေတာရယ္၊ ေနာက္ စိုက္ပ်ဳိးေျမေတြ၊ စိုက္ပ်ဳိးသီးႏွံေတြကို ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ ေဖၚျပထားပါရဲ ့၊ ပံုရဲ ့ရွင္းျပခ်က္ေလးေတြလဲ ပါတယ္
  Maung Maung Than ေပးထားတဲ့ေျမပံုညႊန္းဟာ ေျမျပင္ဓါတ္ပံုမွာ ျပထားတဲ့ ေနရာပါပဲ၊ သံုးထားတာက အေရာင္ ၃ခု အနီ၊ အစိမ္း၊ အျပာမွာ near infrared is RED, mid infrared is Green, natural red is Blue စပ္ထားပါတယ္
January 22 at 12:55pm · Like

Maung Maung Than အဲဒီေတာ့ သစ္ရြက္ေတြ (သစ္ေတာေရာ စိုက္ပ်ဳိးပင္မ်ားရဲ ့)chlorophyll ရဲ ့ေရာင္ျပန္မႈက အင္ဖရာရက္မွာ အမ်ားၾကီးျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ ကလိုရိုဖီးမ်ားရင ္မ်ားသေလာက္ နီရဲၿပီး ျမင္ရပါတယ္၊ ဘယ္ဘက္ ေအာက္ေထာင့္မွာ သစ္ေတာေတြဟာ နီရဲေနသလို၊ ဓါတ္ပံုက စိုက္ပ်ဳိးသီးႏွံက ပန္းႏုေရာင္သန္းေနပါတယ္

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္းမ်ား (၄)

အဲဒီေတာ့ က်ေနာ္တို ့သစ္ေတာကို ဘယ္လိုတိုင္းတယ္ဆိုတာေလး အၾကမ္းဖ်င္းေတာ့ သေဘာေပါက္သြားၿပီထင္ပ

အခုတင္ေပးထားတာဟာ လက္ရွိ ေနာက္ဆံုးသံုေနၾကတဲ့ တိုင္းတာမႈ ၂၀၀၆ အတြက္ ကြင္းဆင္းမႈေတြ ျပဳလုပ္က်တံုးက ဓါတ္ပံုမ်ား ျဖစ္ပါတယ္

က်ေနာ္အခု ပထမဆံုး ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွာ စစ္ၿပီးေခတ္ တိုင္းတာခဲ့တဲ့ အေၾကာင္းေလး ျပန္ေရးပါ့မယ္

က်ေနာ္တို ့ငယ္ငယ္တံုးက ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈကို ပထ၀ီ ဖတ္စာအုပ္ေတြထဲမွာ ၅၇%လို ့ေပးထားခဲ့ပါတယ္။

ဒီ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္း အဆက္ဆက္ကို ၀ါသနာအရ လုပ္ရင္းလုပ္ရင္း က်ေနာ္ တာ၀န္တရပ္လို ျဖစ္လာပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ပိုင္း ကိုယ့္ရဲ ့ရပ္တည္မႈအတြက္လုပ္ရတဲ့ အမ်ားအေခၚ ေဒၚလာအလုပ္ေတြကလည္း ဒါပဲ ျဖစ္လာရတဲ့ အခါမွာ က်ေနာ္ ၀ါသနာရွင္တေယာက္လို ေပါ့လို ့မရေတာ့ပါဘူး၊ က်ေနာ္ စံုေထာက္တေယာက္လို ေဒတာေတြေနာက္ လိုက္ရေတာ့တာပါပဲ။

၅၇%ဆိုတဲ့ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈကို တိုင္းေပးလိုက္တာ က်ေနာ့္ဆရာ မင္းႀကီး ဦးေအာင္ျမင့္ပါပဲ။ သူ ့အေၾကာင္းေတြ သတ္သတ္ စာေရးထားတာရွိတယ္ ဖတ္ၾကည့္ၾကပါ၊ ေကာင္းကင္ဓါတ္ပံုေတြကေန ေရွးေဟာင္းျမိဳ ့ေတာ္ေတြကို ရွာေဖြခဲ့တဲ့ ပိုင္အိုးနီးယား တစ္ေယာက္ပါပဲ

သူသံုးခဲ့တာက ေကာင္းကင္ဓါတ္ပံုေတြ

အဲဒီတံုးက ဆရာလုပ္သြားတဲ့အလုပ္ေတြက Cornwall University နဲ ့အတူတူလုပ္ပါတယ္ ၊ က်ေနာ္ သူ ့စာတမ္းေတြကို မရအရ pdf လုပ္ထားလို ့အခု က်န္ေနပါတယ္၊ အဲဒီထဲက ပံုေလးေတြ ျပမယ္

နမူနာအေနနဲ ့အျမဲစိမ္းေတာရယ္ ေနာက္ က်ေနာ္တို ့ၿဂိဳလ္တုဓါတ္ပံုနဲ ့ျပထားတဲ့ ရခိုင္ရဲ ့ကရင္၀ါးေတာ

ဒီမွာျပထားတာေတြဟာ စတီရီယို pair ေတြျဖစ္တယ္၊ လက္ကိုင္ စတီရီယိုစကုပ္ေလးေတြနဲ ့ၾကည့္ရင္ ရုပ္လံုးၾကြလာပါတယ္၊ က်ေနာ္တို ့လို အိုင္တီစီလိုေနရာမွာ ေလ့က်င့္ထားတဲ့လူေတြဆိုရင္ ကိရိယာမပါပဲနဲ ့မ်က္လံုးနဲ့ ကို ၾကြလာေအာင္ ၾကည့္လို ့ရတယ္၊

ထားလိုက္ပါ ေျပာခ်င္တာကေတာ့ ဒီကိန္းဂဏန္းေတြ အားလံုးဟာ ျဖီးထားတာေတြ မဟုတ္ဆိုတာပဲ။

ေနာက္ အေရးႀကီးတာတစ္ခုကေတာ့ ၅၇%ဆိုတဲ့ ကိန္းဂဏန္းမွာ ရြက္အုပ္ပိတ္ေတာေတြခ်ည္းပဲ ပါပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ာ၊ ဆရာဟာ အခု ေတာညံ ့ေတြ အားလံုးကို သစ္ေတာလို ့မထည့္ခဲပါဘူး၊ ေအာ္ ၁၉၅၇၊ ၁၉၅၇။

ဆရာ့ဓါတ္ပံုလဲ ထည့္ေပးထားပါတယ္

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္းမ်ား (၅)

အဲဒီေတာ့ က်ေနာ့္ဆရာ ဦးေအာင္ျမင့္တိုင္းခဲ့တဲ့ ၅၇%ကို ပထမအၾကိမ္ တိုင္းတာျခင္း (First Appraisal) လို ့သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္၊ တျခားလူေတြ ဘယ္လို ေျပာေျပာ က်ေနာ္ကေတာ့ သတ္မွတ္လိုက္တာပဲ၊ ဒီအလုပ္ကို က်ေနာ္ ပထမဆံုး လုပ္တာကိုး၊ သိတ္ဂရုမစိုက္လွ၊ အဲဒါကို က်ေနာ္က ၁၉၅၅ တိုင္းထားျခင္းလို ့ထားရွိပါတယ္ အလုပ္လုပ္တာက ၁၉၅၇မွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္ ဒါေပမဲ့ သံုးတဲ့ ေကာင္းကင္ဓါတ္ပံုေတြက ၁၉၅၅ကေန ၁၉၅၇ ျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ ၁၉၅၅လို ့ပ်မ္းမွ် ယူထားျခင္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္၊ ဒီလိုပဲ ေနာက္ပိုင္း တိုင္းတာျခင္းေတြကို သံုးတဲ့ ဓါတ္ပံုေတြရဲ ့ပ်မ္းမွ် ႏွစ္နဲ ့နာမည္ေပးၾကပါတယ္၊ ဆရာဟာ ၁း ၂,၄၀၀၀ ဓါတ္ပံုေတြရယ္၊ ၁း ၅၀,၀၀၀ စေကး ဓါတ္ပံုေတြရယ္ကို စတီရီယို စကုပ္ တစ္လံုးနဲ့ အလုပ္လုပ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္

ဒုတိယအၾကိမ္တိုင္းတာမႈကို ၁၉၈၀ ပတ္၀န္းက်င္မွာ လုပ္ခဲ့ၾကတယ္၊ ၁း၁,၀၀၀,၀၀၀ စေကး ၿဂိဳလ္တုဓါတ္ပံုေတြကို သံုးခဲ့ၾကတယ္။  color transparencyေတြျဖစ္ပါတယ္ ဓါတ္ပံုတခ်ပ္ခ်ပ္ဟာ A4 စာရြက္သာသာရွိပါတယ္၊ ပံုကိုၾကည့္ပါ၊ ကိုင္ထားတဲ့လက္ကို ၾကည့္ရင္ ဘယ္ေလာက္ငယ္တယ္ဆိုတာ သိရပါ့မယ္၊ ဒီဓါတ္ပံုကို light box ေပၚမွာတင္ပါတယ္၊ ေနာက္ လက္နဲ ့delineate လုပ္ရပါတယ္၊ ဧရိယာတြက္တာကို planimeter နဲ့တိုင္းၾကတယ္၊ ဦးေဖသိန္း ေခါင္းေဆာင္လုပ္ခဲ့တယ္လို ့သိရပါတယ္။ ဓါတ္ပံုေတြက ၁၉၇၂-၇၉ ျဖစ္လို ့ ၁၉၇၅ တိုင္းတာမႈလို ့သတ္မွတ္ထားခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္းမ်ား (၆)

တတိယအၾကိမ္ တိုင္းတာျခင္း ၁၉၈၉ပါ

မင္းသား ေမာင္ကို စတင္ပါ၀င္လာပါၿပီ။

က်ေနာ္ အိုင္တီစီကေန သစ္ေတာဌာန သယံဇာတဌာနခြဲကိုေရာက္တဲ့အခ်ိန္၊ က်ေနာ္တို ့ဌာနကေန အက္ဖ္ေအအိုနဲ ့ေပါင္းၿပီး ၁၉၈၉ၿဂိဳလ္တုဓါတ္ပံုေတြ၀ယ္ပါတယ္၊ တႏိုင္ငံလံုးကို ၁း ၅၀၀,၀၀၀ စေကး၀ယ္ပါတယ္၊ ငါးသိန္း စေကးျဖစ္ပါတယ္

ဓါတ္ပံုဖတ္သူေတြက က်ေနာ္တို ့ေကာင္းကင္ဓါတ္ပံုဖတ္တဲ့ အဖြဲ ့ဖတ္ၾကတယ္၊ ကြင္းမဆင္းေပမဲ့ အဲဒီအခ်ိန္မွာ က်ေနာ္တို ့လက္ထဲမွာ ၁း၂၅,၀၀၀ စေကးနဲ ့ ၁း၅၀,၀၀၀ စေကး ေကာင္းကင္ဓါတ္ပံု (၁၉၈၂-၈၅)ေတြ အျပည့္ဆိုေတာ့ ဆင္းစရာ မလိုေတာ့၊ ေနာက္ အားလံုးကလဲ၊ Forest Inventory Officer လုပ္ဘူးက်ေတာ့ ကြင္းအေတြ ့အၾကံုအျပည့္ပါပဲ၊ က်ေနာ္ကေတာ့ အိုင္တီစီေၾကာင့္ ဒီဓါတ္ပံုေတြရဲ ့အေရာင္ကိစၥေတြ တတ္ကၽြမ္းၿပီးတာမို ့ေခါင္းေဆာင္ငယ္တစ္ေယာက္လို တာ၀န္ယူပါတယ္၊ ၁၉၇၅ကို လုပ္လာခဲ့တဲ့ ဦးေဖသိန္းကလဲ သူ ့ဖြက္ထားတဲ့ ေဒတာအေဟာင္းေတြနဲ ့လာတိုက္ေလရဲ ့၊

အဲဒါနဲ ့ပဲ ၁၉၈၉ appraisal ကို ေအာင္ျမင္စြာ ထုတ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ထူးျခားတာကေတာ့ အင္ဖရာရက္ ေရာင္ျခည္ ႏွစ္ခု စသံုးခဲ့ၾကလို ့ ေတာအမ်ဳိးအစား ခြဲျခားမႈ အေတာ္ေလး ေကာင္းခဲ့ပါတယ္။

သံုးခဲ့တဲ့ ဓါတ္ပံုမ်ား hard copy

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္းမ်ား (၇)

ဒီအထိ က်ေနာ္တို ့အသံုးခ်ခဲ့တာေတြဟာ ႏိုင္ငံျခားကေန ေထာက္ပံ့တဲ့ ၿဂိဳလ္တုဓါတ္ပံုေတြပါပဲ၊ ေနာက္ ့hard copy လို ့ေခၚတယ္၊ တကယ့္ ဓါတ္ပံုေတြကိုပဲ သံုးတယ္၊ ေနာက္ၿပီး ဧရိယာတြက္တာကအစ လက္နဲ ့တြက္ၾကရတယ္။

၁၉၉၈-၉၉ေတြမွာ Forest resources Assessment 2000 ဆိုတာလာပါေလေရာ၊ အဲဒီမွာမွ က်ေနာ္ အေသအခ်ာ ဦးေဆာင္ရပါေတာ့မယ္၊ ေနာက္ Remote Sensing , Geographic Information System ဆိုတာေတြကလဲ ဌာနမွာ တပ္ဆင္ၿပီးပါၿပီ။

FRA 2000 ေဒတာကို က်ေနာ္တို ့ေဒတာေပါင္းစံုနဲ ့လုပ္ခဲ့ၾကတယ္၊ ေနာက္ FRA 2005 ကိုေတာ့ အဲဒီ ေဒတာကို အရင္က အလုပ္မၿပီးေသးလို ့ခန္ ့မွန္းၿပီးထည့္လိုက္ရတဲ့ ေဒတာေတြကို အေသအခ် အတိအက် ထပ္မံတိုင္းထားတာေတြနဲ ့၂၀၀၃မွာ ျဖည့္ေပးခဲ့ၾကတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင္း ၂၀၀၀ကေန ၂၀၀၅ကို ေဒတာေတြၾကည့္ရင္ ေတာက ျပန္တက္လာသလိုျဖစ္ေနတယ္၊ အမွန္ေတာ့ ျပန္တက္တာမဟုတ္ပါဘူး ေဒတာအမွန္ကိုရတဲ့အခါမွာ ျပင္လိုက္ၾကတာ ဒါေၾကာင့္က်ေနာ္ ဒိေနရာမွာ FRA 2005 ေဒတာကိုပဲ ေျပာေတာ့မယ္၊ ေဒတာေတြကို စံနစ္မ်ဳိးစံု စေကးမ်ဳိးစံုနဲ ့ထုတ္ၾကတယ္။

အကူအညီ မ်ဳိးစံုပါတယ္၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ စံနစ္ေတြနဲ ့လုပ္သလို အရင္ hard copy စံနစ္လဲသံုးတယ္။ အဲဒီလုပ္ငန္းေတြအတြက္ ၿဂိဳလ္တုဓါတ္ပံု၊ နည္းပညာ၊ ကြင္းဆင္းစရိတ္၊ ထုတ္လုပ္စရိတ္ မ်ဳိးစံုးကို နည္းလမ္းမ်ဳိးစံုနဲ ့မာတဂၤထံုး ႏွလံုးမူၿပီး က်ေနာ္တို ့လုပ္ခဲ့ၾကတယ္။ 2005အတြက္လုပ္တဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ ဌာနစိတ္ဟာ ဘိန္းတိုင္းတာျခင္းကို တာ၀န္ယူေနရၿပီျဖစ္လို ့၊ ကြင္းဆင္းျခင္းစသည္ မ်ားစြာ ကၽြမ္းက်င္ေနခဲ့ပါၿပီ

GPS Geographic Positioning System ေတြဟာ က်ေနာ္တို ့ဘိန္းတိုင္းတာသူမ်ားအတြက္ အသက္ပါပဲ၊ နည္းပညာအေပၚမွာ ကိုယ့္ အသက္ မွီခိုရၿပီဆိုတာနဲ ့မတတ္လို ့ကို မျဖစ္ေတာ့ဘူးေလ။

သံုးခဲ့တဲ့ နည္းပညာေတြထဲက တခ်ဳိ ့ကိုၾကည့္ပါ၊ ၿဂိဳလ္တု ဓါတ္ပံုေတြဟာ 8mm data tape ေတြနဲ ့လာပါတယ္။ အဲဒါေတြကို ဖတ္ဘို ့SCSI tape drive ေတြ သံုးရတယ္၊ အေရာင္ေဖၚဖို ့Remote Sensing Software ေတြ သံုးရတယ္၊ ေနာက္ ျပည္ပကို မွာရင္ ေစ်းႀကီးလြန္းတာမို ့ကိုယ့္ဘာသာပဲ large format plotter ေတြကို သံုးၿပီး ၇ိုက္ထုတ္ၾကရတယ္၊ ေနာက္ ကြင္းဆင္းၾကရတယ္။

တစ္ခါ project ေတြက မ်ားတယ္ အပူပိုင္းေဒသ၊ ေတာင္ေပၚေတာ၊ ဒိေရေတာ စသည္ ကိုယ့္ကို စပြန္ဆာေပးတဲ့ လူေတြအတြက္ အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးေက်နပ္ေအာင္ လုပ္ေပး၇တာဆိုေတာ့ အဲဒိထဲကေနမွာ ဒီ တႏိုင္ငံလံုး ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈေဘာင္ကို လြတ္မသြားေအာင္ က်ေနာ္တို ့ Compatibility table ေတြ ေဆာက္ၾကရတယ္။

ဒီၿဂိဳလ္တုဓါတ္ပံုေတြရဲ ့average ႏွစ္က ၁၉၉၈ပါပဲ

သံုးခဲ့တဲ့ ေဒတာ တိပ္နဲ ့စီဒီေတြ ၾကည့္ပါခင္ဗ်ာ

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္းမ်ား (၈)

ေနာက္ဆံုး တာ၀န္ယူခဲ့ရတာ ၂၀၀၉မွာ FRA 2010 အတြက္စုၾကတယ္

ထူးျခားခ်က္ အားလံုး ၿဂိဳလ္တုဓါတ္ပံု ၄၅ပံုလံုးကို က်ေနာ္တို ့digital method ေတြနဲ ့လုပ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့တယ္၊ အဲဒါကို ေပါင္းစပ္ထားတဲ့ ပံုကို ထုတ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့တယ္၊

ဒါ နဲ့တဲ့ ကိစၥမဟုတ္ဘူး အိႏၵိယနဲ ့တရုတ္လို ကိုယ္ပိုင္ ၿဂိဳလ္တုေတြနဲ ့ေကာင္ေတြပဲ လုပ္က်တာ၊ က်ေနာ္ဒါေတြကို ျပရင္ ေတြ ့တဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံျခားသားတိုင္းက ဘယ္အကူအညၤီနဲ ့လုပ္တာလဲ တဲ့၊ မဟုတ္

ကြင္းဆင္းမႈေတြ အမ်ားႀကီး အဆင့္ျမင့္ေနၿပီ။ ေတြ ့တဲ့အတိုင္းပဲ အဖြဲ ့ေတြဟာ တျခားလူေတြ မညင္းႏိုင္ေအာင္ အမွန္တရားကို ေဖၚထုတ္ၾကမယ္ဆိုတဲ့ စိတ္နဲ ့ေဆာင္ရြက္ၾကတယ္၊ နယ္၀န္ထမ္းေတြအားလံုးကလဲ က်ေနာ့္ ၀န္ထမ္းေတြကို မ်ဳိးစံု အကူအညီ ေပးၾကတယ္။

တိုင္းတာမႈ အဆင့္ဆင့္ကို အသံုးခ်ၿပီး အဆင့္ဆင့္ ေျပာင္းလဲမႈေတြ ျပသႏိုင္ခဲ့တယ္

လူေတြက ေျပာရင္ ရင္နာမိပါတယ္ သစ္ေတာဌာနက အမွန္ကို မေျပာဘူး၊ အက္ဖ္ေအအိုကမွ အမွန္ကို ေျပာတာဆိုတဲ့ အသံေတြ ညံေနတာပဲ

ဒီအလုပ္ေတြ၊ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈတြက္တာရယ္ ဘိန္းတိုင္းတာမႈတြက္တာရယ္

ဘယ္လူၾကီးကမွ ေမာင္ကို မင္းေလွ်ာ့ျပလို ့လာမေျပာဘူး

ဆံုးသြားတဲ့ ဆရာဦးတင္လွလို လူမ်ဳိးဆိုရင္ ခြားမေသး မင္းပါ၀ိုင္းညာရဲ ညာၾကည့္ဆိုတာမ်ားတယ္

ေခတ္အဆက္ဆက္ပံုေလးေတြ ၾကည့္လိုက္

၂၀၁၀ပံုကေတာ့ အမိန့္မရေသးဘူး၊ ေဒတာ တရား၀င္ မရေသးဘူး

၁၉၈၉

၁၉၉၈

၂၀၀၆

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ သစ္ေတာဖံုးလႊမ္းမႈ တိုင္းတာျခင္းမ်ား (၉)

အဲဒိေတာ့ ခပ္တိုတိုပဲ ေျပာရေအာင္ ၁၉၇၅ရယ္ ၁၉၉၈ရယ္ ၂၀၀၆ ေတြမွာ တကယ္ တိုင္းလာခဲ့ၾကတယ္ အဲဒီေဒတာေတြကို အခု သံုၿပီး ဂရဖ္ဆြဲေပးထားတယ္။ ၂၀၁၀ပါ ထဲ့လိုက္ၿပီ

ရိုး၇ိုးေလးေျပာ၇ရင္ ၁၉၇၅တံုးက သစ္ေတာဧရိယာ ၆၀.၈၉ဟာ ၂၀၀၆မွာ ၄၈.၇၉ပဲ ရွိေတာ့တယ္၊ ၂၀၁၀ကေတာ့ လိုင္နီယာဆြဲၿပီး ေျပာထားတာ ၄၆.၇၉ဆိုၿပီး

၁၉၇၅တံုးက ေတာေကာင္း ၄၄.၈၂နဲ ့ေတာညံ့ ၁၆.၀၇ ေပါင္း ၆၀.၈၉ ရွိတယ္

၁၉၈၉ မွာ ေတာင္ေကာင္း ၄၆.၆၄နဲ ့ေတာညံ့ ၁၂.၀၂ ေပါင္း ၅၈.၆၆ ရွိခဲ့တယ္

ေတာေကာင္းတိုးလာတယ္ထင္ရေပမဲ့၊ တကယ္ေတာ့ ၁၉၇၅ဟာ အင္မတန္ေသးငယ္တဲ့ တသန္းစေကးနဲ ့လုပ္ရတယ္၊ ၁၉၈၉ဟာ ႏွစ္ဆပိုၾကီးတဲ့ ငါးေသာင္းစေကးနဲ့ လုပ္ရသလို ပိုေကာင္းတဲ့ Thematic mapper ေခၚတဲ့ အင္ဖရာရက္ band ႏွစ္ခုကို သံုးႏိုင္ခဲ့တယ္ လူမ်ားတယ္ အေထာက္အကူပစၥည္းမ်ားတယ္ ဒါေၾကာင္း ဒီကာလၾကားဟာ သိပ္ၿပီး ေျပာင္းလဲမႈ မရွိဘူးလို ့ေျပာရတယ္

အဲ ၁၉၉၈မွာ ေတာေကာင္း ၃၇.၇၁နဲ ့ေတာညံ့ ၁၄.၇၄ ျဖစ္သြားၿပီ ၅၂.၄၅ ပဲရွိေတာ့တယ္

၂၀၀၆မွာေတာ့ ေတာေကာင္း ၂၅.၈၂နဲ ့ ေတာညံ့ ၂၂.၉၇ ရွိေနၿပီ။

၂၀၁၀ အတြက္ သစ္ေတာဌာနရဲ ့FRA 2010 အတြက္ေပးထားတဲ့ တရား၀င္ေဒတာက ေတာေကာင္း ၁၉.၈၇%ပဲ ရွိပါေတာ့တယ္ ေတာညံ့က ၂၇.၀၉% စုစုေပါင္း ၄၆.၉၆ % ပါပဲ

ႏိုင္ငံရဲ သစ္ေတာေျမ ၾကိဳဳး၀ိုင္း ရည္မွန္းခ်က္က ၃၀% ၇ွိရမွာပါ အခု ၾကိဳး၀ိုင္းဆိုတာ ပီဘိ ေတာေကာင္းကိုမွ ဖြဲ ့ရတယ္၊ ဘယ္လိုလုပ္ၾကမလဲ

ကဲ နားပရေစခင္ဗ်ား

 

History of Watershed Management in Myanmar and a brief review of current situation

Maung Maung Than, Assistant Director, Remote Sensing and GIs Section, Forest Department

Watershed Management in its pure form started as early as in 1935 in Myanmar. Before that time watershed management had been part of forest management. (Myanmar forest management started in 1885 with selection felling with sustained yield concepts). In 1935 Mr. Thompson made a ground survey to draw plans for soil erosion affected areas of Southern Shan States. The survey is a very scientific one. Its methodology, findings, analysis and recommendations are very modern. The survey reported the following factors which caused soil erosion.

(a)                Deforestation of forests

(b)               Taungya cultivation (shifting cultivation)

(c)                Unscientific downland (down stream) cultivation & drainage

(d)               Uncontrolled grazing

(e)                Grass burning

(f)                Neglect in the construction and maintenance of paths, roads and railways

The recommendations taken by the survey are:

(a)                Re-afforestation

(b)               Restoration of grazing grounds

(c)                Improved systems of agriculture and land drainage on downlands such as contour ploughing; corrugated farming; ridge sowing; terracing, and contour embarking and ditching; improved systems of drainage; strip cropping, interplanting; broadcast and line-sowing; scientific rotational cropping; green manuring; assisted re-vegetation of fallows; scientific storage and use of manure; artificial fertilizers; hedges growing; and improved agricultural implements

(d)               Control of shifting cultivation

(e)                Gully control

(f)                Improvement of paths, Roads and Railways

The survey report initialised the formation of Soil Erosion Committee. A training camp was established and demonstration areas were formed in seriously eroded areas with people participation with the help of local authorities.

The committee's worked had been interrupted only during the Japanese occupation of Myanmar. After the World War and gaining independence Shan State Land Conservation Act and the constitution of the Soil Conservation Committee were drafted and submitted to the Government. A five year soil conservation plan was completed by the Soil Conservation Committee in 1949.

In 1951, Shan State Soil Conservation Act was enacted. In 1962, a Soil Conservation Unit was established. However Soil Conservation Committee of Shan States has been dissolved when all State Law were absolved around 1983. The Soil Conservation Unit and its equipment etc. were handed to Kinda Dam Pilot Watershed Management Project. Somehow Forest Department is performing watershed management activities only in the Shan States then.

During 1980 Forest Department draw and implemented a work plan to rehabilitate important watershed of twenty dams and reservoirs.

In 1986 Pilot Watershed Management for Kinda Dam (BUR/81/003) was started with following objectives;

(1)               To assist the Government in developing an Integrated Watershed Management strategy and creating a national cadre of expertise for securing sustained productivity of the forest lands aiming at improving water yield, water quality and timing (regularity) of the major river watersheds

(2)               To improve living standards of both hill tribes and lowland farmers through agro-sylvo-pastoral and other conservation measures, employment opportunities and infrastructural development

 The project introduced modern concept of watershed management including community participation etc and new techniques such as producing land capability maps from aerial photographs. Kinda Watershed Pilot Project developed into "Watershed Management for Three Critical Areas Project" working on Kinda, Inle-Moebye and Phugyi watersheds. Almost all personal and equipment of former soil conservation unit had been transferred to the FAO projects. However while the former committee had worked all over the Southern Shan States area, the FAO projects worked only in their limited areas.

Watershed Management for Three Critical Areas Project introduced modern techniques such as Land Use Planning, introducing Remote Sensing and GIS, trainings and actual implementations of Landuse surveys, down to the level of Treatment Oriented Land Capability Surveys.

Forest Department on the other hand extends its watershed management activities to the whole of Myanmar and established a special Watershed Management Division. The mandate for the division has been laid down by the authorities as follows:

(a)                Water, soil and forests are the basic resources of a country. If forest environments are damaged subsequently soil and water conditions will be damaged and there will be adverse climatic changes. This calls for protection and conservation of forest resources;

(b)               To protect watershed forests;

(c)                To plan for reforestation of important reservoirs' catchment areas; to established Protected Public Forests, to establish wild life sanctuaries where necessary;

(d)               To make a special watershed management plan for Inle Lake of Shan States.

The division is empowered by 1992 Forest Act Article 4,5, and 13 to establish watershed conservation reserves, protected public forests reserves; and implementation of afforestation and reforestation projects.

Current problems as assessed by the Watershed Management Divisions are:

(a)                Deforestation in watershed areas, due to increasing cultivation areas to meet the demand for food by an expanding population;

(b)               Land degradation and soil erosion caused by improper land use system and cultivation methods;

(c)                Deforestation by excessive cutting of firewood, and extraction of forest products;

(d)               Soil erosion and sedimentation caused by forest fire and mining;

(e)                Due to the degradation of watersheds, siltation and sedimentation of water bodies, such as rivers, dams, reservoirs, and lakes is a serious problem. Sedimentation gradually clogs up the water ways and the navigation has become difficult in some parts of the rivers and sometimes flood can occurs;

(f)                Excessive use of ground water and scarcity of fresh water during dry season.

However the Division has to use the manpower and financial allocation of local forest administrative units. Watershed Management strategy for the country is incorporated into management plans of forest management unit (FMU) which is district level. These plans have been drawn for the current 1995 to 2005 period.

On the other hand the direct involvement of FAO/UNDP projects with Forest Department's watershed management stop in 1993. On 1993 UNDP Governing Council decided to give assistance only to critical humanitarian and basic needs at the community level in the areas of primary health care, environment, HIV /AIDs, training and education, and food security. This is UNDP's way of staying in Myanmar in the times of economic sanctions citing humanitarian conditions. Their development objects become more emphasis to human welfare, poverty alleviation, community participatory etc. These give priorities to the community so much that legal actions which have to be taken by the legal authorities (e.g. Forest Department) are difficult to implement where the HDI projects exists. Followings are the objectives of the last HDI project which differs from the original Integrated Watershed Management based project of Bur/81/003.

(a)                Create visible, measurable and sustainable impact on human welfare, in particular of the poor and disadvantaged, in the specific areas of health, HIV/AIDS, education/training, environment and food security;

(b)               Involve communities in a participatory process of identifying, designing and implementing grass-roots initiatives;

(c)                Strengthen local capacities, including those of community-based organisations (CBOs), required sustaining community-focused development.

On the other hand government policy concerning watershed management and water resources utilisation also is divided and not clearcut. For example while watershed management is entrusted to Forest Department without any legal power utilization of water sources is divided among various ministries, departments and enterprises. Irrigation Department of Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation is responsible for all irrigation systems but taking no actions in watershed areas. The Department of Water Resources Utilization is responsible only for River Water Pumping projects and ground water for agricultural use. Local municipalities are taking care of ground water projects for urban uses. Waterways Department under Ministry of Transport is responsible for natural streams and rivers' physical well being together with Irrigation Department who is concerned for irrigation banks along the rivers.

All this calls for strong landuse and water policies. Ministry of Agriculture is trying to formulate a water policy. However they are starting from the irrigation sites as sources of water. Water policies including both upstream and down stream communities are in need. In fact while people are talking about forestry versus agriculture conflicts in watershed management, in reality it is upstream agriculture against down stream agriculture.

What is called Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) is definitely lacking in Myanmar. Following objectives of an Integrated Watershed Management System (IWM) should be laid down which:

1)                  Encourage proper management of the country's resources, which include natural areas, forests, minerals, agricultural and urban lands, water and other resources

2)                  Promote the social and economic welfare of the community

3)                  Share the responsibility for environmental planning between all levels of government

4)                  Provide opportunities for community involvement in planning

Strategies of an Integrated Watershed Management System will provide

1)                  Land resources data;

2)                  Conditions to be attached to the use of land;

3)                  Proposed strategies and priorities for development;

4)                  Co-ordination between organizations which have responsibilities for land management in a particular area.

Technical requirements of land evaluation methods are available in the country. Departments like Forest Department, Survey Department of Ministry of Forestry are well advanced in Remote Sensing and GIS, and Settlement and Land Records Department of Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation also is a strong technical department. What is lacking is good policies and direction.

Policy development and implementation

The broad objective of ecologically sustainable development recognizes the need for the improved management of natural resources, in order that they can support responsible development and economic and social uses on a sustained, long-term basis. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to devise and implement policies which are based on the underlying principle that the various tiers of government, landholders, resource users and general community must all share the responsibility for resource management.

The integrated watershed management framework has been specifically developed for this purpose. IWM forms the basis for the development of integrated natural resources management policies, particularly in relation to soils, vegetation, surface water and ground water.

It is the responsibility of government to ensure that policies and policy instruments support the management of land and water resources in an ecologically sustainable manner. To fulfil this responsibility, governments should take the following actions:

(a)                Develop integrated goal-setting and policy formulation at the national, regional and local levels, taking account of environmental, social and economic issues;

(b)               Develop policies that encourage sustainable land use and sustainable management of soil, water, vegetation and fauna resources, having proper regard for the interests and requirements of the national, regional and local communities;

(c)                Review the regulatory framework, including laws, regulations and enforcement procedures, so that an efficient and effective system is available for the official management of natural resources;

(d)               Implement economic incentives to assist in the rehabilitation of degraded land and encourage the use of best practices for the sustainable development of natural resources;

(e)                Encourage the active participation of the local community in planning and implementing programmes of natural resource management.

Under the integrated watershed management framework, component national, state and/or regional policies should be developed for the integrated management of each of the major categories of natural resources. These should include a land-use policy, a soil policy, a vegetation policy, a surface water policy and a groundwater policy.

1.                  Objectives of land-use policies

The national/state land-use policy should have the following broad objectives:

(a)                To achieve greater coordination and integration in the management of land, through appropriate legislative, institutional and policy arrangements and the effective involvement and participation of the whole community;

(b)               To ensure that land is always used within its capability, and for its optimal suitability;

(c)                To ensure the continued stability and productivity of the land on a sustainable, long-term basis;

(d)               To manage land and land resources on an integrated, watershed system basis;

(e)                To identify land degradation and rectify this degradation through coordinated land use and management.

2.                  Objectives of surface water management policies

The national/state surface water policy should have the following broad objectives:

(a)                To manage surface water resources in such a way as to sustain catchment yields and maintain the supply of appropriate and equitable quantities of water to all legitimate water users;

(b)               To manage surface water resources in such a way as to maintain and where appropriate improve water quality;

(c)                To ensure that river flows are of adequate quantity and quality to maintain aquatic and wetland habitats and ecosystems and ensure the quality of the riverine environment;

(d)               To manage surface water resources in conjunction with groundwater resources in a planned and coordinated fashion;

(e)                To manage surface water resources on a whole-watershed basis and to integrate water management with the management of related soil, vegetation and other land resources.

3.                  Objectives of groundwater management policies

The national/state groundwater policy should have the following broad objectives:

(a)                To maintain the productivity of groundwater resources and to ensure the long term sustainability of both the quantity and the quality of these resources;

(b)               To ensure that the needs of environment systems dependent upon groundwater resources are met;

(c)                To integrate the conjunctive management of surface and groundwater resources on a whole-catchment basis;

(d)               To integrate groundwater management with the wider environmental and resource management framework.

4.                  Objectives of soil management policies

The national/state soils policy should have the following broad objectives:

(a)                To manage soils in such a way as to avoid their loss or degradation and ensure their continued utility, stability and productivity;

(b)               To prevent, mitigate and rectify soil erosion and degradation;

(c)                To undertake programmes of soil survey, land capability and land suitability evaluation in order to ensure that soils are used within their capability and for their optimal suitability;

(d)               To manage soils in an integrated fashion, in association with the management of vegetation, water and other land resources.

5.                  Objectives of vegetation management policies

The national/state vegetation policy should have the following broad objectives:

(a)                To ensure that the national/regional coverage of trees and other vegetation is conserved, maintained and where appropriate enhanced in order to conserve soil and water resources and maintain environmental quality;

(b)               To maintain and improve silvicultural and agricultural productivity on a sustained, long-term basis;

(c)                To conserve native flora and fauna and their habitats;

(d)               To conserve the scenic and aesthetic qualities of the environment.

 

 

Conclusions

Watershed management actually is not a new idea and concept for Myanmar. It has been practised since pre-war days. However land degradation has not been so serious as now and only recent present conditions of soil and water erosions, outbreaks of floods siltation of reservoirs etc. calls for serious consideration for integrated watershed management.

Basic policies needed for IWM are not fully formulated in Myanmar at the moment. Diverse nature of water user communities and those responsible for watershed conditions makes the policy formulations more difficult. Co-ordination between upstream and down stream communities really is a pre-requisite for formulation of successful integrated watershed management programs in Myanmar.

References:

1.                  Guidelines and Manual on Land-use Planning and Practices in Watershed Management and Disaster Reduction, (ESCAP, June 1997)

2.                  Project Findings and Recommendations, Environmentally Sustainable Food Security and Micro-income Opportunities in Critical Watersheds (Southern Shan State, (UNDP, Rome, 2002)

3.                  Thirty Years Plan for Forest Department, translation by Watershed Management Division, Forest Department, (not published)

4.                  Watershed Management in Myanmar, Kyaw Myint Than, Than Lwin, Sein Thet and Sann Lwin, Forestry Research Paper, (Yangon, March, 1990)

5.                  Soil Erosion and Its Control in the Shan States, Burma (T.S Thompson, 1937)